XII GRAMMAR PAGE-WISE NOTES 1-70

Adjective to Reported Speech

ADJECTIVE(Page 30)

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking

much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are

descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Because adjectives are used to identify or

quantify individual people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or

pronoun that they modify. Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.

Adjective Clauses(Page 31)

Adjective clauses do not change the basic meaning of the sentence. In some cases, when they

provide more information into a sentence, they need to be set off with commas.

Here are several examples of sentences with the adjective clauses underlined:

 Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.

 The people whose names are on the list will go

 Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.

 Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.

 Students who are intelligent get good grades.

 Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity save gas.

 I know someone whose father served in World War II.

 The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat.

 I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich whose latest book was fantastic.

 The people waiting all night outside the Apple store are trying to purchase a new

iPhone.

 "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead." -

Albert Einstein

Adjectival Phrase(Page 31)

An adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrase that tells us something about the noun it

is modifying. The head (principal) word in an adjective phrase will be an adjective. In the

examples below, the adjective phrase is shaded and the head word (i.e., the adjective) is in

bold:

 These are unbelievably expensive shoes.

(In this example, the head adjective ends the adjective phrase.)

 Sarah was fairly bored with you.

 She had extremely menacing eyes.

 The extremely tired lioness is losing patience with her overly enthusiastic cub.

 My mother was fairly unhappy with the service.

(In this example, the head adjective is in the middle of the adjective phrase.)

Tenses(Page 68)

Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that

have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The

present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are

continuous. The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow,

next week, next year, three years from now).The following table illustrates the proper use of

verb tenses:

Tense Form	Present	Past	Future
Simple	Simple PresentI read nearly every day.	Simple PastLast night, I read an entire novel.	Simple FutureI will read as much as I can this year.
Continuous	Present ContinuousI am reading Shakespeare at the moment.	Past ContinuousI was reading Edgar Allan Poe last night.	Future ContinuousI will be reading Nathaniel Hawthorne soon.
Perfect	Present PerfectI have read so many books that I can’t keep count.	Past PerfectI had read at least 100 books by the time I was twelve.	Future PerfectI will have read at least 500 books by the end of the year.
Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect ContinuousI have been reading since I was four years old.	Past Perfect ContinuousI had been reading for at least a year before my sister learned to read.	Future Perfect ContinuousI will have been reading for at least two hours before dinner tonight.

Homonyms (Page 49)

Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same and sound the same, but have different

meanings.

 address (to speak to)/address (location)

 air (oxygen)/air (a lilting tune)

 band (a musical group)/band (a ring)

 bark (a tree‘s out layer)/bark (the sound a dog makes)

 current (up to date)/current (flow of water)

 die (to cease living)/die (a cube marked with numbers one through six)

 fair (equitable)/fair (beautiful)

 kind (type)/kind (caring)

 lie (to recline)/lie (to tell a falsehood)

 match (to pair like items)/match (a stick for making a flame)

 mean (average)/mean (not nice)

 Pole (a person from Poland)/pole (a piece of metal that holds a flag)

 pound (unit of weight)/pound (to beat)

 ream (a pile of paper)/ream (to juice a citrus fruit)

 rose (to have gotten up)/rose (a flower)

 spring (a season)/spring (coiled metal)

Reported speech(Page 69)

Reported speech is used when we tell someone what another person said earlier.

Tense / Modal	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Simple	“I like ice cream.”	She said that she liked ice cream.
Present Continuous	“I am living in London.”	She said that she was living in London.
Past Simple	“I bought a car.”	She said that she had bought a car. OR She said that she bought a car.
Past Continuous	“I was walking along the street.”	She said that she had been walking along the street.
Present Perfect	“I haven’t seen Julie.”	She said that she hadn’t seen Julie.
Past Perfect	“I had taken English lessons before.”	She said that she had taken English lessons before.
Will	“I’ll see you later.”	She said that she would see me later.
Would	“I would help, but…”	She said that she would help, but…
Can	“I can speak perfect English.”	She said that she could speak perfect English.
Could	“I could swim when I was four.”	She said that she could swim when she was four.
Shall	“I shall come later.”	She said that she would come later.
Should	“I should call my mother.”	She said that she should call her mother.
Might	“I might be late.”	She said that she might be late.
Must	“I must study at the weekend.”	She said that she must study at the weekend. OR She said that she had to study at the weekend.